China’s State Council released Made in China 2025 (State Council document No. 28), a 10-year industrial policy blueprint aimed at upgrading manufacturing capabilities and moving production up the value chain.
The State Council released guiding opinions on the “Internet Plus” plan, promoting integration of internet technologies with traditional industries as a driver of innovation and industrial upgrading.
China’s National People’s Congress approved the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016–2020), emphasizing innovation-driven development and including initiatives such as Made in China 2025 and Internet Plus as part of the national development blueprint.
The State Council issued the National 13th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Strategic Emerging Industries (SEIs), detailing priority emerging technologies and industrial targets for 2016–2020.
China’s State Council published the New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan, setting milestones through 2030 and framing AI as a strategic pillar for industrial modernization and national competitiveness.
At the 19th CPC National Congress, Xi Jinping’s report emphasized China’s transition toward “high-quality development,” reinforcing a policy direction that underpinned later industrial upgrading and innovation priorities.
The State Council finalized guidance to deepen “Internet Plus advanced manufacturing” and develop the industrial internet, setting targets for industrial internet infrastructure and platforms through 2025.
The United States began imposing 25% tariffs on roughly $34 billion of Chinese imports under Section 301, directly targeting categories associated with advanced manufacturing and technology upgrading priorities.
The U.S. Commerce Department’s Bureau of Industry and Security added Huawei and many affiliates to the Entity List, sharply restricting access to U.S.-controlled technology and intensifying external pressure on China’s technology supply chains.
China’s leadership first raised the “dual circulation” idea, prioritizing domestic production and demand while maintaining external openness—an approach closely tied to resilience and self-reliance in industrial upgrading.
The U.S. Commerce Department added China’s major foundry SMIC to the Entity List, restricting certain exports—especially those enabling advanced-node semiconductor manufacturing—and impacting China’s industrial upgrading in chips.
China’s National People’s Congress officially endorsed the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025), which reinforced innovation, advanced manufacturing, and technology self-reliance as central development priorities in the MIC2025 era.
Made in China 2025 and Industrial Upgrading Policies (2015–2025)
