Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain formalized a renewed coalition commitment to defeat Napoleon and avoid separate peace, strengthening the diplomatic framework that shaped the 1814 settlement and the coming Vienna negotiations.
After the French defense collapsed, Allied forces entered Paris, enabling the political transition away from Napoleon’s regime and setting the stage for Bourbon restoration under Allied occupation and influence.
The Sénat conservateur declared Napoleon deposed and moved toward a provisional political order, a key institutional step that opened the way for recalling the Bourbons and negotiating peace with the Allies.
Pressed by military and political collapse, Napoleon abdicated without conditions, removing the central obstacle to a negotiated peace and facilitating the first Bourbon restoration.
The Allied powers concluded the Treaty of Fontainebleau, sending Napoleon into exile on Elba and formally ending his rule, which stabilized conditions for the Bourbon return and the 1814 peace settlement.
Before entering Paris, Louis XVIII announced principles for a constitutional settlement, positioning the monarchy as restored while acknowledging post-Revolutionary legal and social realities—an important prelude to the 1814 Charter.
Louis XVIII entered Paris and took up residence in the Tuileries, marking the practical beginning of the First Restoration under Allied victory conditions and in anticipation of a constitutional framework.
France and the Allied powers signed the First Treaty of Paris, restoring France largely to its 1 January 1792 frontiers (with limited adjustments) and setting up broader territorial settlement through the forthcoming Congress of Vienna.
Louis XVIII promulgated the Charter of 1814, establishing a constitutional monarchy (with a bicameral legislature) and preserving key civil liberties from the Revolutionary era, shaping domestic legitimacy during the Restoration.
Napoleon escaped from Elba and landed in southern France, rapidly reclaiming political and military support; this collapse of the First Restoration led directly to renewed war and harsher treaty terms after 1815.
The Congress of Vienna’s Final Act consolidated the major postwar territorial and diplomatic arrangements in Europe; it formed the broader settlement framework within which France’s Restoration-era treaty obligations and borders were later enforced.
After Napoleon’s final defeat, France signed the Second Treaty of Paris: borders were reduced (notably compared with 1792), a large indemnity was imposed, and an Allied occupation force was established as a security guarantee.
Bourbon Restoration and Treaty Settlements in France (1814–1815)
