Hosni Mubarak’s Presidency: Security Institutions, Emergency Law, and Political Economy (1981–2011)

1. Sadat assassinated; Mubarak assumes presidency

   Oct 6, 1981Labels: Hosni Mubarak, Anwar Sadat, Egypt presidency

   • Britannica
   • AP History

2. Emergency rule extended by parliament

   Oct 4, 1982Labels: State of, Egyptian Parliament

   • UPI Archives
   • HRW Report

3. Central Security Forces conscripts riot in Cairo

   Feb 25, 1986Labels: Central Security, Egyptian Armed

   • CSF Riot
   • Britannica

4. Privatization framework created under Law 203

   Jan 1, 1991Labels: Law 203, Privatization

   • IPR Guide

5. Luxor massacre triggers intensified security crackdown

   Nov 17, 1997Labels: Luxor massacre, Deir el-Bahri

   • Luxor Attack
   • Britannica

6. Presidency reaffirmed via confirmation referendum

   Sep 26, 1999Labels: Presidential referendum, Hosni Mubarak

   • 1999 Referendum

7. Staged parliamentary elections held under judge supervision

   Oct 18, 2000Labels: Parliamentary elections, Judicial supervision

   • 2000 Election
   • MERIP

8. Kefaya movement emerges as anti-succession opposition

   Jan 1, 2004Labels: Kefaya movement, Opposition coalition

   • Kefaya

9. Constitutional referendum opens path to multicandidate presidency

   May 25, 2005Labels: Constitutional referendum, Article 76

   • 2005 Referendum
   • Britannica

10. First multicandidate presidential election reelects Mubarak

    Sep 7, 2005Labels: 2005 presidential, Hosni Mubarak

    • Election Data
    • Al Jazeera

11. Parliamentary elections boost Muslim Brotherhood representation

    Nov 1, 2005Labels: Muslim Brotherhood, Parliament

    • 2005 Parliament
    • CSMonitor

12. April 6 Youth Movement forms around labor-strike solidarity

    Apr 6, 2008Labels: April 6, Labor strike

    • April 6
    • PBS Frontline

13. Emergency Law renewed for two more years

    May 11, 2010Labels: Emergency Law, People's Assembly

    • HRW June 2010
    • Al Jazeera

14. Ruling party dominates disputed 2010 parliamentary elections

    Dec 6, 2010Labels: National Democratic, Parliamentary elections

    • Al Jazeera
    • Ahram Online

15. Alexandria church bombing heightens public anger

    Jan 1, 2011Labels: Alexandria bombing, Coptic community

    • BBC via Wiki
    • Guardian

16. January 25 Revolution begins mass anti-Mubarak protests

    Jan 25, 2011Labels: January 25, Protest movement

    • Britannica Egypt
    • Mubarak Summary

17. Mubarak resigns; military assumes control

    Feb 11, 2011Labels: Hosni Mubarak, Supreme Council

    • Britannica Egypt
    • Britannica